Keeb kwm ntawm iav: Hnub nyoog Nruab Nrab (Ntu 3)

Cov Nrab Hnub nyoog, tseem hu ua Tsaus Ntuj Hnub nyoog, kav kwv yees li ntawm 5 th txog rau 15 xyoo pua lig. Nws pib nrog lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Western Roman faj tim teb chaws thiab kev hloov pauv mus rau Renaissance thiab Lub Hnub Nyoog Tawm.

Thiab iav thiab keeb kwm mus tes ua ke rau qee yam.

Kev tawg ntawm Roman faj tim teb chaws tau ua raws li los ntawm Carolingian faj tim teb chaws, lub teb chaws Ottoman loj-loj tshaj plaws nyob rau sab hnub poob thiab nruab nrab Europe thaum ntxov Nrab Hnub nyoog. Txawm hais tias lub sijhawm Carolingian tsis yog lub sijhawm ntawm kev coj noj coj ua siab thiab kev vam meej, tseem muaj ntau txoj hauv kev tsim khoom lag luam iav, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tshuab thiab tshuab txua.

Cov teb chaws Europe tau muaj kev hloov zoo rau lub sijhawm xyoo txhiab no suav nrog kev ua tsov rog ntau zaus, cov pej xeem poob qis, kev poob ntawm lub hauv paus tswj txoj cai, thiab, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, muaj zog kev ntseeg ntau ntxiv, uas tau pab ua rau kev txhim kho ntawm Byzantine iav thiab iav iav.

Nyob rau hauv 330, Roman Emperor Constantine lub Great xaiv Byzantium ua lub chaw ntawm "New Rome" nrog ib lub nroog muaj npe nyob hauv nroog, Constantinople. Nws tsim lub tebchaws Byzantine (sab hnub tuaj Roman Empire) nyob ntawd, uas txuas ntxiv mus txuas ntxiv rau ib txhiab xyoo ntxiv mus txog thaum nws poob rau lub tebchaws Ottoman xyoo 1453. Lub nroog Constantine lub tebchaws tseem tau tsim cov ntseeg Vajtswv raws li Loos txoj kev ntseeg. Ib lub xov tooj ntawm cov tsev teev ntuj tau tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, feem ntau ntawm cov no tseem zoo niaj hnub no. Thiab cov Byzantine iav vam meej ces.

Thaum ntxov xyoo pua 7, Islam tau tsim los ntawm Muhammad nyob rau hauv Arabian ceg av qab teb, hauv Mecca. Thiab los ntawm lub xyoo pua 8, Umayyad Caliphate, qhov thib ob ntawm plaub lub Islamic caliphates, txuas ntxiv los ntawm Iberia nyob rau sab hnub poob mus txog Indus River nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, uas ua rau lub Islamic Golden Hnub Nyoog. Ua ke nrog cov neeg Asmeskas cov kab lis kev cai, Greco-Roman kev lis kev cai, thiab Iranian kab lis kev cai zoo ib yam, iav tsim kev lag luam hauv ntiaj teb cov Muslim kuj tau cuam tshuam cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov neeg Iyiv, Roman, thiab Persian. Thiab lub iav Islamic tau nrov npe thaum ntawd.

Nrog cov npe nrov ntawm Byzantine iav thiab Islamic iav, cov iav tshiab tsim technologies tawm, uas yog xim tsuas iav thiab txheej txheem iav.

Stained iav yog ib hom xim ci thiab pleev xim rau iav. Nws ntseeg tau tias daim duab kos duab yog los ntawm Ancient Tim lyiv teb chaws thiab Ancient Rome, thiab nce mus txog nws lub ncov ntawm 1150 thiab 1500. Cov khoom xyaw yooj yim rau kev ua cov iav yog xuab zeb thiab ntoo tshauv (potash). Qhov sib tov yog melted rau hauv ib lub kua uas, thaum txias, ua iav. Txhawm rau xim lub iav, qee cov hmoov hlau ntxiv rau qhov sib xyaw thaum lub iav tseem nchuav. Molten iav tuaj yeem raug cua tshuab rau hauv cov hnyuv ntxwm cov duab, tom qab ntawd hlais sab rau sab ua ntej ua kom pluav mus rau hauv ib daim ntawv; nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem raug hnoos nrog pontil hlau rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv puag ncig (yas).

Hauv Nrab Hnub nyoog, tsuas pleev xim rau iav tau siv yuav luag tag nrho rau ntawm lub qhov rais ntawm cov ntseeg thiab lwm lub tsev muaj kev cai dab qhuas tseem ceeb. Lub qhov rais duab tso rau duab tau tsim los ntawm kev npaj cov ntawv sib txawv ntawm cov iav dawb dua cov qauv tsim ntawm daim txiag. Yog tias cov ntsiab lus zoo nkauj xws li duab ntxoo lossis cov ntsiab lus tsim nyog, tus kws kos duab pleev xim rau lawv ntawm iav nrog cov xim pleev xim dub.

Lub hom phiaj ntawm cov iav lo iav hauv lub tsev teev ntuj yog ob qho tib si los txhim kho kev zoo nkauj ntawm lawv cov chaw teeb tsa thiab qhia rau tus saib pom los ntawm cov lus piav lossis cov cim. Kev kawm kev ntseeg hauv phaab phaab phaab kws phaab phaab phaab phaab phaab phaab phaav mas zoo heev. Pawg ntseeg tau raug suav tias yog qhov kev cai siab tshaj plaws hauv zej zog, thiab kom tau txais kev cawm seej, ib qho yuav tsum ua raws li Vajtswv txoj lus. Lub teeb tseem tau ua piv txwv rau cov duab kev ntseeg, uas sawv cev zoo thiab kev tiv thaiv Vajtswv hauv Phau Qub. Yog li ntawd lub qhov rais tau nqis peev nrog qhov kev ntseeg tseem ceeb rau lub sijhawm ntawd.

Augsburg Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj ntseeg tau tias muaj cov iav qub tshaj plaws uas muaj tam sim no, uas muaj cov ntawv ua ntej, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov yaj saub Daniyee, Hauxeyas, thiab Jonas, tus yaj saub Davis, thiab, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv luam uas ntev-qib nrab xyoo, Mauxes.

Peb siv lo lus "txha hniav laus" los kos cov xim zoo nkauj ua ke ntawm cov xim hlau, pob zeb, ceramics, thiab lwm yam khoom siv uas tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov kub siab xav tau rau cov txheej txheem tsim khoom. Nchav qhov chaw thiab cov khoom dai kom zoo nkauj muaj cov cuab yeej siv tshuaj lom neeg thiab kev tawm tsam, uas ua rau lawv tiv taus huab cua thiab ua rau thaj chaw lom neeg.

Enameled iav tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Islamic Mamluk faj tim teb chaws los ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, thiab feem ntau siv rau cov teeb txawb mosque, tab sis kuj muaj ntau hom tais thiab cov dej haus. Gilding tau feem ntau ua ke nrog cov txha hniav laus. Qhov kev pleev xim rau kho kom zoo nkauj yog feem ntau paub daws teeb, lossis cov ntawv sau, tab sis qee zaum suav nrog cov duab.

Cov qauv ntawm cov teeb txawb mosque hauv lub sijhawm no tau ua qauv heev. Txawm hais tias raug tshem tawm hauv cov huab cua los ntawm lawv lub nra thaum siv, lawv muaj qhov taw dav, lub nruab nrab lub cev sib npaug, thiab lub qhov ncauj dav dav. Tau sau nrog roj, lawv zes tsis zoo xwb mosques tab sis kuj muaj qhov chaw zoo sib xws xws li madrassas thiab mausoleums. Mosque teeb lub teeb feem ntau muaj nqe Quran ntawm lub teeb sau rau lawv thiab nquag sau npe thiab lub npe ntawm cov pub tib yam li lub npe ntawm cov sultan uas muaj huab tais kav. Raws li Muslim cov thawj coj tuaj rau muaj cov quasi-heraldic blazons, cov no feem ntau tau pleev xim.